What is migration in food packaging? How chemicals move from packaging into food, migration limits, and testing requirements.

Melamine adulteration — the 2008 infant formula scandal, why nitrogen testing was fooled, limits, and fraud prevention.

ICP-MS heavy metal analysis — how inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry tests food for lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic.

Heavy metals in food — lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic sources, health effects, regulatory limits, and control measures.

Furan in canned and jarred foods — formation during heat processing, carcinogenicity, and industry mitigation.

Ethyl carbamate (urethane) — formation in wine, spirits, and fermented foods; carcinogenicity; and mitigation strategies.

Ergot alkaloids — Claviceps contamination of rye and cereals, St. Anthony’s fire history, EU limits, and grain cleaning.

What are dioxins in food? Sources of dioxin contamination, health effects, EU maximum levels, and monitoring in the food chain.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) profile — Fusarium toxin in wheat and maize, EU limits, feed refusal, and field-to-storage control.

Aflatoxins profile — Aspergillus contamination of nuts and maize, liver cancer risk, EU/US limits, and prevention.