The application of genetic engineering and related techniques to modify living organisms at the molecular level. In food and agriculture, modern biotechnology produces genetically modified crops with traits such as pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, or enhanced nutrition, exemplified by insect-resistant cotton and beta-carotene-enriched Golden Rice. It also creates microbial strains that manufacture enzymes, vitamins, and flavourings by fermentation. Regulation varies globally: some countries require labelling and pre-market safety assessment, while others treat approved products like conventional foods. Public debate continues over environmental effects, corporate control of seeds, and consumer choice, making transparent science and labelling central to the discussion.