An agricultural system that maximises output from a limited land area through high inputs of capital, labour, machinery, fertilisers, and crop protection products. Intensive arable farming uses improved seed varieties, irrigation, and precise nutrient management to achieve high cereal and vegetable yields. Intensive livestock production houses large numbers of animals in controlled environments with formulated feeds, achieving rapid growth and efficient feed conversion. The approach feeds growing populations from limited farmland but raises concerns about animal welfare, antibiotic use, nutrient runoff, soil health, and greenhouse gas emissions. Regulation, assurance schemes, and precision agriculture technologies aim to make intensive systems more sustainable while maintaining productivity.