Conventional farming is agriculture using standard modern practices: synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, intensive tillage, monocultures, and mechanisation, as distinct from organic or other alternative systems. It delivers high yields that underpin affordable, abundant food, but faces criticism over pesticide residues, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Defenders note its efficiency in feeding billions and its adoption of precision techniques that cut inputs. The term is defined mainly by contrast with organic farming’s prohibitions. Debates over its sustainability drive research into integrated approaches borrowing strengths from both systems.