DNA

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid of linked deoxyribonucleotides, each containing one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine), a phosphate group, and the pentose sugar deoxyribose. It is the genetic material of most organisms, usually existing as a double-stranded molecule of two antiparallel strands. In food science, DNA analysis authenticates species, detects allergens and GMOs, and traces pathogens, making it a cornerstone of modern food forensics. Contamination control in the laboratory is vital, since stray DNA can easily generate false positives.