acid reflux

The backward flow of stomach acid and partially digested food into the esophagus, producing the burning chest sensation known as heartburn. It happens when the lower esophageal sphincter, the muscular valve between stomach and esophagus, relaxes at the wrong moment or sits under extra pressure. Occasional reflux after a large, fatty, or spicy meal is common, but frequent episodes define gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can inflame the esophageal lining and, over years, raise the risk of precancerous changes. Dietary management focuses on smaller meals, avoiding late-night eating, and identifying personal triggers such as citrus, tomato, chocolate, mint, alcohol, and caffeine. Elevating the head of the bed and maintaining a healthy weight reduce the mechanical pressure that drives acid upward.