Genetically modified microorganisms

Microorganisms modified by genetic techniques to enhance their properties or gain new ones are genetically modified microorganisms, abbreviated to GM microorganisms. Contained fermenters use them to brew enzymes, vitamins, amino acids and flavourings at industrial scale. Because they never enter fields or food directly, oversight focuses on strain dossiers, containment and the absence of antibiotic-resistance markers. Their products must meet the same purity specifications as conventional equivalents before reaching the market. Fermentation plants validate containment with regular audits and documented procedures.