Fumonisins

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, notably F. verticillioides (formerly F. moniliforme) and F. proliferatum, growing on maize. They disrupt sphingolipid metabolism and are linked to serious animal diseases, including leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in pigs, while chronic human exposure is suspected of contributing to oesophageal cancer. Control relies on resistant varieties, timely harvest, good drying and storage, sorting of visibly mouldy grain, and routine testing against regulatory maximum levels. Because maize is a staple for millions, fumonisin management is a major public-health and trade issue in maize-growing regions.