Bovine means relating to or belonging to the cattle family (Bovidae), encompassing domestic cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) as well as buffalo, bison, and related species. The term anchors meat, dairy, and leather vocabulary: bovine meat, bovine milk, bovine hides, bovine offal. In food safety and regulation it frames species-specific hazard controls, from BSE-related specified risk material removal and slaughter hygiene to mastitis and residue management in dairy herds, and in species-authentication testing, where DNA or protein methods distinguish bovine material from porcine, ovine, or poultry in processed products.